[26], In Cambodia, the deeply rooted tradition of using the Bengal and pygmy slow lorises in traditional medicine is widespread,[43] and the pygmy slow loris is the most commonly requested animal in traditional medicine shops in Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh. [34] Even law enforcement is involved in the trade, with park rangers and police admitting to the purchase of slow lorises for medicinal purposes. By collaborating with authorities, healthy slow lorises are released back into the wild. )[28] They are hunted not only by expert hunters, but are also easily caught by opportunist villagers because of the financial reward they bring at the markets. Slow lorises sold openly, illegally in Indonesia (04/03/2012) Defying Indonesian law, slow lorises are being sold openly in Jakarta markets for the underground pet trade, according to wildlife trade monitoring group TRAFFIC. However, the Japanese received a total of 228 slow lorises in the same shipment from Singapore, with no explanation from either party for the sudden appearance of 10 slow lorises. A 1984 study of the Sunda slow loris found its diet was 71% fruit and gums, and 29% insects and other animal prey. Philippine Slow Loris . [34] Indonesian species are mostly sold as pets, despite myths about their magical and curative properties. 9. For successful reintroductions, connectivity between sites with low population density is considered ideal. During the surveys, between 15 and 45 slow lorises were seen around the market. [17], Opportunistic hunting of lorises has been a traditional practice, for example, when a tree in which the primate is living is cut down. We found that 33% of females and 57% of males exhibited at least one wound. For successful reintroductions, connectivity between sites with low population density is considered ideal. [29], In the Mondulkiri Province of Cambodia, hunters believe that lorises can heal their own broken bones immediately after falling from a branch in order to climb back up the tree, and that slow lorises have medicinal powers because they require more than one hit with a stick to die. New arrivals to the stores are also variable in size and age, which has further led the JWCS to suspect the slow lorises are imported illegally. Due to a combination of unstable political situations in its range, and its nocturnal, arboreal lifestyle, population data for the pygmy slow loris are scarce. [31][46], In the case of the Bengal slow loris, every part—including the brain, urine, and skin—is used in traditional medicine in order to heal wounds and rheumatism. Neither local nor foreign buyers usually know anything about these primates, their endangered status, or that the trade is illegal. [38] During the same time period, Thai, Indonesian, and Singaporean officials discovered 358 lorises destined for Japan. [29] Hundreds of slow lorises are sold domestically each year in Indonesian at open-air animal markets (or "bird markets"), as well as in shopping malls. [16][49] For instance, according to Nekaris, the slow loris with the umbrella—who was suffering from a head wound—was disoriented in the video by the bright lights and was grasping the umbrella like it would a piece of bamboo from its native habitat. 42 of the people … The Javan slow loris (N. javanicus) is native to the Indonesian island of Java,[7] whereas the Bornean slow loris (N. menagensis) can be found on Borneo and nearby islands, including the Sulu Islands in the Philippines. This is mainly because of their "cute" appearance, popularized in highly viewed YouTube videos, which is due in part to their large eyes, adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle. Their conservation status was originally listed as "Least Concern" in 2000 because of imprecise population surveys and the frequency in which these primates were found in animal markets. Despite being poor pets that are difficult to care for, with a dangerous toxic bite[1] and a sleep cycle opposite to that of humans, a large number of slow lorises are traded as pets, both locally and internationally. [23] These estimates indicated that the Javan slow loris was the most threatened by habitat loss, followed by the Sunda slow loris from Sumatra. [37] The proposal covered all three species recognized at the time—the Sunda slow loris, Bengal slow loris, and pygmy slow loris—because they have traditionally been managed collectively owing to a lack of knowledge as to how to distinguish them. Java is the most populous island on the planet, with about 130 million people on an island the size of New York state. [33] From early to mid-June, the 14th CITES Conference of the Parties (CITES COP-14) was held in The Hague, Netherlands. Protected area extensions are also needed in Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. [33] Indonesia followed by announcing their support,[32] along with Japan, India, Laos, Thailand, the United States, the European Union, Qatar, and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs). [13] In April 2007, the non-profit conservation group ProFauna Indonesia attracted news coverage with a demonstration held in Malang, Java. The gall bladder of the Bengal slow loris has historically been used to make ink for tattoos by the village elders in Pursat and Koh Kong Provinces of Cambodia. [12][32] Slow lorises are still found in large numbers at animal markets, most notably in Cambodia and Indonesia, but the traders show no concern for being caught. [22] To give the impression that the primates are tame and appropriate pets for children,[46] to protect people from their potentially toxic bite,[17] or to deceive buyers into thinking the animal is a baby,[22] animal dealers either pull the front teeth with pliers or wire cutters or they cut them off with nail cutters. [34], International trade usually results in a high mortality rate during transit, between 30% and 90%. These fires occurred within the native range of slow loris populations. Their remains are buried under houses and roads to bring good luck, and every part of their body is used in traditional medicine to make products ranging from love potions to unproven cures for cancer, leprosy, epilepsy, and sexually transmitted diseases. Hundreds of slow lorises have been confiscated at airports, but because they are easy to hide, these numbers are likely to be only a small fraction of the total number being trafficked. What’s being done to save them? Traders cut or pull the teeth of slow lorises to make them appear to be an appropriate pet for small children, but this practice often leads to extreme blood loss, infection, and death. [38] Pet shops frequently advertise them,[22] even on their websites,[14] with prices ranging between US$1,500 and more than US$5,000,[22][38] or ¥450,000. [16] Populations are rapidly declining, and their distribution is becoming patchy because of local extinctions throughout their range. [14] Despite these frequent advertisements, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) reported only a few dozen slow lorises were imported in 2006, suggesting frequent smuggling. [45] Slow lorises are also burned alive, causing their eyes to burst and release a liquid called minyak kukang (or loris oil), which is used in black magic and traditional medicine and is supposed to have life-giving qualities and act as a love potion. The removal of the video followed shortly after the airing of the BBC documentary, which dramatized the exploitation of slow lorises for the pet trade. The slow loris rescue centre’s population in Bogor exploded. [17] Cambodia lists them as protected, with penalties of one month in prison and fines of US$2.50 to US$250 in 2010 for anyone who catches, hunts, poisons, or transports them. Pygmy slow lorises are doing better, with 100 specimens reported from zoos worldwide in 2011. [2] They are nocturnal, sleeping during the day curled up in the fork of a tree. [48], Slow lorises are sold locally at street markets, but are also sold internationally over the Internet and in pet stores. [46], Primatologist Anna Nekaris, in 2009 discussing the misleading information posted on YouTube. Most captive lorises in the pet trade also receive improper care and die from poor nutrition, stress, or infection. In the absence of direct studies of the genus, primatologist Simon Bearder speculated that slow loris social behavior is similar to that of the potto, another nocturnal primate. Javanese Slow Loris Population is Declining at an Alarming Rate (mongabay) [26] Slow lorises are abundant at the markets[27] and are among the most commonly sold primates. [18] However, identification is critical because authorities still manage all slow lorises as if they were from one species, resulting in species being released into the wrong locations and increasing confusion in taxonomy and conservation. Instead, most only received fines. (2010) showed that these belief systems were so strong that the majority of respondents expressed reluctance to consider alternatives to loris-based medicines. Protected area extensions are also needed in Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. [12][18] Recognition and awareness of slow lorises is even low among national park staff. Connectivity between protected areas is important for slow lorises because they are not adapted to dispersing across the ground over large distances. The Philippine slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) is found in the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, and Borneo, Indonesia.It is one of the smallest species of slow loris and weighs only 265 to 300 kg. [26][41] These new factors threaten slow loris survival. [20][22][29] One bottle of wine is made by mixing rice wine with the carcasses of three dead animals. The slow lorises have large eyes that are forward facing. (p~x흚ÒètMÒõ 5"Pº±­† Only a few older hunters recognized them, but pointed out that they had not seen them in more than 10 or 15 years. All of the slow loris are under threat of wildlife business and habitat loss. [37] Most of the trade in slow lorises, however, is illegal and usually involves smuggling to Japan. The slow loris has a tail hidden in the dense fur of its body. Their trunk is longer than that of other living strepsirrhines and ar… Distribution of the pygmy loris is predominantly the evergreen forests of Vietnam and Laos. To collect data about population and distribution of Javan slow Loris in the study area. A specific survey in Gunung Gede Pangrango reported a density of 15.6 individuals/km², with a calculation that some 70 slow lorises occupy the study area (Nekaris et al., 2014). The hunters also believe that seeing a slow loris will bring bad luck on a hunting trip. Each of the slow loris species identified before 2012 is listed in the IUCN Red list as “weak” or “endangered.” The three new species have not yet been evaluated, but they are (and are, to some extent, reduced) considered to be single “vulnerable” species. [43] They are seen as a "living toy" for children by local people or are bought out of pity (to save the animals) by Western tourists or expatriates. All newly identified species were covered by Appendix II on 2 April 1977[35] when all primates were given either Appendix I or Appendix II protection. [49] While YouTube currently has means for viewers to flag videos involving animal cruelty, pornography, and illegal weapons or drugs, it has no means for flagging videos involving illegally trafficked animals. [14] Habitat fragmentation obstructs biological dispersal for these species that rely on vines and lianas to move from tree to tree. [20] In the case of long-lived primates, such as the slow lorises, populations replenish themselves slowly. The slow loris can live in many types of vegetation from bamboo to suburban gardens. According to 59 monthly surveys and interviews with local traders, nearly a thousand locally sourced slow lorises exchanged hands in the market. During the lifetime of the video two significant slow loris conservation-associated events occurred, the March 2011 posting of this Wikipedia article and the January 2012 airing of a BBC television production entitled Jungle Gremlins of Java;[52] both events were associated with a spike in viewership of the video, and were often mentioned in the comments made during those periods (3.2% and 13.3%, respectively). 26 did not. Oral traditions suggest these practices go back even further. Slow lorises are commonly dried and sold (top), and then later prepared for specific uses, such as loris ointment (bottom). The slow lorises are either small or medium-sized with length ranging from 18 to 38 cm. - Illegal trading is a really huge problem for Slow Lorises. The demonstration—an appeal for increased protection for slow lorises—involved organization members suspending themselves from bridges while holding banners that read "Stop jual kukang" ("Stop the slow loris trade") and "Jangan beli kukang" ("Don't buy slow lorises"). [36] Appendix II only requires an export permit for international trade, as long as trade will not negatively impact the survival of wild populations. This female Nycticebus bengalensis was photographed in 2014 at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, located in a national park in northern Vietnam. The slow loris has a thin layer of fur so they can keep cool in their tropical climate. Home ranges of adults may significantly overlap, and those of males are generally larger than those of females. [46], As part of the trade, infants are pulled prematurely from their parents, leaving them unable to remove their own urine, feces, and oily skin secretions from their fur. £o“ïÚÒò endstream endobj 86 0 obj <. [16] Pet owners also fail to provide proper care because they are often sleeping when the nocturnal pet is normally awake. [18][46] The slow lorises found in animal markets are usually underweight and malnourished, and have had their fur dyed, which complicates species identification at rescue centers. [32][33] Violators are subject to five years in prison and a fine of 100 million rupiah (~US$10,000). Today this species’ numbers are decreasing and currently it is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List. Slow loris parts were typically exported from Thailand and Cambodia, but Malaysia and Singapore primarily exported live animals. [22][47] Smuggling and trade in Poland and Russia are also common according to Nekaris. [12], The San Diego Zoo has also written husbandry manuals for slow lorises, promoted public awareness, conducted field surveys, and supported slow loris rescue facilities. A Javan slow loris rescued by International Animal Rescue (IAR) in 2016. [17][29][34] In the Mondulkiri Province in Cambodia, slow lorises are shaken out of trees and then bludgeoned to death with a stick. Tuesday, 16 January 2018 | 03:30 WIB. [14] In places like Vietnam, where these nocturnal primates have commonly been found, most local villagers were not familiar with them when shown photos. Most vendors (80%) surveyed in 2010 attributed the price increases to a decline in loris numbers and increased enforcement. [20] Thousands of slow lorises are captured each year for such use. [29][41] When forests are cleared to create oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations or for housing, the lorises are collected from the trees and then sold to the "loris man", who in turn sells them in the cities. [14] In general, wearing slow loris bones is considered good luck and the meat is sometimes thought to cure leprosy. Slow lorises are sometimes mixed in with other trade-restricted species, such as reptiles,[38] and since confiscations target high-profile species, it is likely that the international smuggling numbers are "just the tip of the iceberg. Photo: Saurabhsawantphoto/Wikimedia Commons Cover: Mass awareness about Bengal slow loris and other primate species are urgently needed in their distribution ranges to inform people of the nocturnal species’ role in the ecosystem. [47], The main buyers of medicine made from slow lorises are middle- to upper-class women between the ages of 25 and 45 who primarily use loris rice wine tonic to alleviate the pain of childbirth. [29] Similarly, villagers concerned about traffic safety might bury a slow loris under a road to prevent accidents. Since 2009, the northeast region has lost at least 3,199 sq km of area. [8] The Sunda slow loris is found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra as well as Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Official, legal trade of slow lorises prior to CITES Appendix I coverage (from 1998 to 2006) was limited to just ten Sunda slow lorises from Malaysia and Myanmar. 2. Timber merchants in Kalimantan and Aceh also sell slow lorises to traders, and since the primates cling to branches instead of fleeing, they are often transported hundreds of miles on the original tree branches to which they clung. On average, there are only 0.20 to 0.02 individuals per square kilometer. This regulation was clarified in 1999 with Government Regulation No. The animals generally have a round head and small ears covered in hair. [34], Demand from middlemen and specialized animal trade mafias[18][29] has increased the profitability of slow loris hunting and driven many hunters to catch any they spot by climbing or shaking trees. The major trade hubs were Jakarta, Medan, Singapore and Bangkok. [29] In Indonesia, the slow loris trade has been illegal since 1973, when the Agriculture Ministry passed Decree No. According to IUCN, Pygmy slow loris is widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. [47] Numerous illegal trade routes for each species were also documented prior to the 2007 CITES vote over Appendix I coverage in the Notification to Parties publication. In the last two weeks, TRAFFIC has recorded fifty different individual slow lorises on sale in the Indonesian capital. [38] Regardless, slow lorises remained vulnerable to international trade under Appendix II,[13][18] and the rampant Southeast Asian pet trade was another reason for concern. [12], Traditionally, the slow lorises were thought to consist of very few species and were considered to be common across Southeast Asia. [27][29], Traditional beliefs and uses for slow lorises vary, and many practices appear to have deep roots going back at least 300 years. We captured 82 slow loris individuals, including 40 females and 42 males, 338 times (167 females and 171 males; for more details see experimental procedures in Supplemental Information, published with this article online). Little is known about the social structure of slow lorises, but they generally spend most of the night foraging alone. [53], Within their countries of origin, slow lorises are very popular exotic pets. [18][31][34] This results in severe bleeding, which sometimes causes shock or death,[31] and frequently leads to dental infection, which is fatal in 90% of all cases. Individuals forage alone, and mothers even “park” their infants in a safe place rather than carrying them along when they venture out. [26] Slow lorises are particularly vulnerable because they tend to freeze when spotted. This suggests hunting on a commercial scale, which has had dramatic effects on local populations. [15] Live trade is the most common, with only 13.6% of slow lorises traded for parts. [20], In 1993, 200 dead slow lorises were found cut open and stretched out on sticks in the markets of Phnom Penh. They can live in altitudes up to 1300 meters. The population in China has been estimated at less than 500 individuals.

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